1952 CE - The Great Smog of 1952 descends upon London, England, and will kill at least 12,000 people over the following months, due to an admixture of airborne pollutants from the use of coal.
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The 1961 Indian annexation of Goa (also referred to as the Invasion of Goa,[3] the Liberation of Goa,[4] and the Fall of Portuguese India[5]), was an action by India's armed forces that ended the rule of Portugal in its exclaves in India in 1961. The armed action, codenamed Operation Vijay (Hindi: ऑपरेशन विजय, lit. "Operation Victory") by the Indian government, involved air, sea and land strikes for over 36 hours, and was a decisive victory for India, ending 451 years of Portuguese colonial rule in Goa. Twenty two Indians and thirty Portuguese were killed in the fighting.[1] The brief conflict drew a mixture of worldwide praise and condemnation. In India, the action was seen as a liberation of historically Indian territory, while Portugal viewed it as an aggression against national soil.
At the time of Union of India's independence from the British Empire in 1947, Portugal held a handful of exclaves on the Indian subcontinent — the districts of Goa, Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli — collectively known as the Estado da Índia. Goa, Daman and Diu covered an area of around 1,540 square miles (4,000 km2) and held a population of 637,591.[6] The Goan diaspora was estimated at 175,000 (about 100,000 within the Indian Union).[7] Religious distribution was 61% Hindu, 36.7% Christian (mostly Catholic), 2.2% Muslim.[7] Economy was primarily based on agriculture, although the 1940s and 1950s saw a boom in mining — principally iron ore and some manganese.[7]
Resistance to Portuguese rule in Goa in the 20th century was pioneered by Tristão de Bragança Cunha, a French-educated Goan engineer who founded the Goa Congress Committee in Portuguese India in 1928. Cunha released a booklet called 'Four hundred years of Foreign Rule', and a pamphlet, 'Denationalisation of Goa', intended to sensitise Goans to the oppression of Portuguese rule. Messages of solidarity were received by the Goa Congress Committee from leading figures in the Indian independence movement like Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Jawaharlal Nehru, Subhas Chandra Bose, and several others. On 12 October 1938, Cunha with other members of the Goa Congress Committee met Subhas Chandra Bose, the President of the Indian National Congress, and on his advice, opened a Branch Office of the Goa Congress Committee at 21, Dalal Street, Bombay. The Goa Congress was also made affiliate to the Indian National Congress and Cunha was selected its first President.[8]
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