2008 CE - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes down 733.08 points, or 7.87%, the second worst day in the Dow's history, based on percentage points.
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"Less glory is more liberty. When the drum is silent, reason sometimes speaks". --Albert Pike
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Artist - Golden Earring
Album - Moontan
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Director - Lucio Fulci
Starring - Tisa Farrow, Ian McCulloch, Richard Johnson
Wiki of the Day
The Livonian Crusade[1][2] refers to the German and Danish conquest of medieval Livonia, the territory constituting modern Latvia and Estonia, during the Northern Crusades. The lands on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea were the last corners of Europe to be Christianized.
On 2 February 1207,[3] in the territories conquered, an ecclesiastical state called Terra Mariana was established as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire,[4] and proclaimed by Pope Innocent III in 1215 as a subject of the Holy See.[5]
After the success of the crusade, the German- and Danish-occupied territory was divided into six feudal principalities by William of Modena.
Christianity had come to Latvia with the Swedes in the 9th century and the Danes in the 11th. By the time German traders began to arrive in the second half of the 12th century to trade along the ancient Daugava-Dnieper route to Byzantium, many Latvians had already been baptized. Meinhard of Segeberg arrived in Livland (as it was named in German) in 1184 with the mission of converting the pagan Livonians, and was consecrated as its bishop in 1186.
The indigenous Livonians (Livs), who had been paying tribute to the East Slavic Principality of Polotsk, and were often under attack by their southern neighbours the Semigallians, at first considered the Low Germans (Saxons) to be useful allies. The first prominent Livonian to be converted was their leader Caupo of Turaida, who was baptized around 1189.
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